Nestled in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean, just off the coast of mainland Tanzania, lies Unguja — the largest island in the Zanzibar Archipelago. Often referred to simply as Zanzibar, this enchanting island is a treasure trove of history, culture, and natural beauty. With its white sandy beaches, spice plantations, and centuries-old architecture, Unguja has long captivated the imagination of travelers and traders alike.
The Rich Tapestry of History
Unguja’s history is a mosaic of African, Arab, Persian, Indian, and European influences, each leaving an indelible mark on the island’s identity. Historically, the island was a crucial trading hub, attracting merchants from as far as the Middle East and India. During the 19th century, Zanzibar became the heart of the East African spice trade and, regrettably, the slave trade.
Stone Town, a UNESCO world heritage site, is the historic core of Unguja. With its narrow alleys, intricately carved wooden doors, and bustling markets, Stone Town offers a glimpse into the island’s storied past. The House of Wonders, once the ceremonial palace of the Sultan of Zanzibar, stands as a testament to the island’s opulent history. Other significant sites include the Old Fort, the Anglican Cathedral (built on the site of a former slave market), and the Sultan’s Palace Museum, each narrating a different chapter of Zanzibar’s past.
Geography and Nature of Unguja
Unguja, commonly referred to as Zanzibar Island, is the largest and most populated island in both the Zanzibar Archipelago and Tanzania. Located in the Indian Ocean, about 25–50 km (16–31 miles) off the coast of mainland Tanzania, the island stretches approximately 85 km (53 miles) in length and 39 km (24 miles) in width. The terrain of Unguja is characterized by rolling hills, lush plantations, and pristine beaches that define its coastal beauty.
The 5 Largest Islands in Tanzania
| Island | Location | Size (km²) | Size (sq mi) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unguja | Indian Ocean (Zanzibar Archipelago) | 1,666 | 643 |
| Pemba | Indian Ocean (Zanzibar Archipelago) | 988 | 382 |
| Ukerewe | Lake Victoria | 530 | 205 |
| Mafia | Indian Ocean (Mafia Archipelago) | 435 | 168 |
| Rubondo | Lake Victoria | 237 | 92 |
The island enjoys a tropical climate with two primary rainy seasons: the long rains from March to May and the short rains from November to December. Warm temperatures and high humidity contribute to its rich biodiversity, supporting both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
Flora and Fauna
Unguja boasts diverse flora and fauna, making it a haven for nature enthusiasts. The island’s vegetation includes dense mangrove forests along the coastline, spice plantations featuring cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg, and indigenous forest patches, such as the Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park.
Jozani Forest is home to the endemic and endangered Zanzibar red colobus monkey, an iconic species found only on the island.
Other wildlife includes small antelopes, bush babies, and a variety of bird species, such as the Fischer’s turaco and Zanzibar bishop.
Marine life around Unguja is equally spectacular, with vibrant coral reefs that support a diverse range of fish, sea turtles, and dolphins. The warm waters surrounding the island are ideal for snorkeling and diving, offering encounters with species like reef sharks, manta rays, and colorful schools of fish. Conservation efforts continue to protect the island’s unique biodiversity, ensuring a sustainable balance between tourism and nature.
A Paradise of Natural Beauty
Unguja boasts some of the most breathtaking beaches in the world. The northern village of Nungwi is famed for its powdery white sand and crystal-clear waters, making it a favorite among sun-seekers and scuba divers. Kendwa Beach, nearby, offers mesmerizing sunsets and vibrant nightlife, while the southeast coast, particularly Paje and Jambiani, attracts kite surfers and backpackers seeking a laid-back atmosphere.
Beyond its beaches, Unguja is home to unique ecological wonders. Jozani Forest Reserve, the last remaining indigenous forest on the island, is a sanctuary for the rare and endemic Zanzibar red colobus monkey. The reserve’s mangrove swamps and walking trails provide an immersive experience in the island’s diverse flora and fauna. Meanwhile, the Menai Bay Conservation Area, a marine reserve, protects a rich ecosystem of coral reefs, sea turtles, and dolphins, offering visitors unforgettable snorkeling and dolphin-watching excursions.
The Spice Island
Unguja’s nickname, “The Spice Island,” is well-earned. The island’s fertile soil and tropical climate create the perfect conditions for growing cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. Spice farms offer guided tours where visitors can see, smell, and taste these fragrant treasures while learning about their uses in medicine, cuisine, and cosmetics.
These aromatic plantations not only sustain Zanzibar’s economy but also connect visitors to the island’s cultural heritage. Historically, the spice trade propelled Zanzibar into a significant economic hub, shaping its relationships with distant lands. Today, a visit to a spice farm remains one of the most immersive cultural experiences on the island.
A Culinary Delight
Zanzibar’s cuisine is a reflection of its diverse influences, combining Swahili, Arab, Indian, and European flavors. A visit to the island is incomplete without indulging in local delicacies such as Zanzibar pizza, a unique street food that blends flavorsome fillings inside a crispy, fried dough. Urojo soup, also known as Zanzibar mix, is a tangy and spicy dish featuring a medley of potatoes, fritters, and coconut chutney.
Seafood is at the heart of Unguja’s gastronomy. Freshly grilled octopus, prawns, and lobsters are served with coconut-infused rice or chapati. For a truly authentic experience, the Forodhani Gardens night market in Stone Town is the place to savor local dishes while enjoying the lively ambiance of an open-air food market.
A Cultural Melting Pot
The cultural fabric of Unguja is woven with traditions that have been passed down for generations. Music and dance play an integral role in local life, with taarab being the island’s signature musical genre. Blending Swahili, Arabic, and Indian influences, taarab is often performed at weddings and celebrations, enchanting audiences with its poetic lyrics and melodious tunes.
Another fascinating cultural event is the Mwaka Kogwa festival, celebrated annually in the village of Makunduchi. Rooted in Persian traditions, this festival marks the Shirazi New Year with vibrant displays of singing, dancing, and mock battles that symbolize the cleansing of past grievances.
The people of Zanzibar, known as Zanzibaris, are renowned for their hospitality. The island’s predominantly Swahili-speaking population embraces visitors with warmth, often greeting them with a friendly “Karibu,” meaning “welcome” in Swahili.
Adventure Awaits
For thrill-seekers, Unguja offers an array of activities that go beyond its tranquil beaches. Diving and snorkeling enthusiasts will be delighted by the vibrant coral reefs of Mnemba Atoll, home to an abundance of marine life, including dolphins, turtles, and tropical fish. The clear waters and diverse underwater landscapes make this a diver’s paradise.
For those seeking an adrenaline rush, kite surfing in Paje provides the perfect mix of wind and waves. Deep-sea fishing, dhow sailing, and kayaking through mangrove forests offer additional ways to experience the island’s natural beauty from a different perspective.
How to Get to Tanzania’s Largest Island
Reaching Unguja is relatively straightforward, with multiple travel options available for visitors.
By Air: The most common and convenient way to get to Unguja is by air. Abeid Amani Karume International Airport (ZNZ), located just outside Stone Town, serves as the main gateway. Several international airlines offer direct flights to Zanzibar from major cities such as Doha, Dubai, Nairobi, and Johannesburg. Additionally, domestic flights from Dar es Salaam, Arusha, and Kilimanjaro provide quick and frequent connections to the island.
By Ferry: Travelers coming from mainland Tanzania can opt for a ferry from Dar es Salaam. The ferry ride takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours and offers a scenic journey across the turquoise waters of the Indian Ocean. There are both standard and luxury ferry options available, with multiple departures daily. It is advisable to book tickets in advance, especially during peak travel seasons.
Zanzibar Ferry Connections
By Private Boat or Cruise: Some travelers arrive in Unguja via private yachts or cruises that dock at Zanzibar’s port. This is a popular option for those exploring the East African coastline and neighboring islands.
Unguja: A Timeless Tanzanian Island
Unguja is more than just a tropical paradise in the Zanzibar Archipelago; it is a living reflection of centuries of cultural exchange, resilience, and natural beauty. Whether exploring the winding alleys of Stone Town, basking on sun-drenched beaches, or immersing oneself in the island’s vibrant traditions, every moment spent on Unguja is an invitation to discover a world where history and modernity seamlessly intertwine.
For those seeking adventure, relaxation, or cultural enrichment, Tanzania’s largest island promises an unforgettable journey into the heart of the Swahili coast. With its captivating charm and warm hospitality, Unguja continues to enchant all who set foot on its shores, leaving visitors with memories that last a lifetime.