Nestled at the southern tip of South America lies Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego—South America’s largest island—a vast and dramatic landmass that is both awe-inspiring and steeped in mystery.
This remarkable island is shared between Chile and Argentina and forms the heart of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, an expanse known for its rugged landscapes, extreme weather, and rich cultural history.
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A Land Divided by Two Nations
Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, covering an area of 47,992 square kilometers (18,530 square miles), holds the title of the largest island in South America. The island is politically split between Argentina and Chile.
The eastern part belongs to Argentina and is part of the province called Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. The western portion is governed by Chile and is part of the Region of Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena. This division reflects the broader geopolitical dynamics of the region while also highlighting its shared heritage.
The Argentine portion, with its capital at Ushuaia, is perhaps better known due to its prominence as a gateway to Antarctic expeditions. Ushuaia proudly claims the title of the world’s southernmost city, attracting adventurers and nature enthusiasts from around the globe.
The Chilean side, less densely populated, boasts pristine wilderness, including national parks and fjords that remain relatively untouched.
Largest Islands in South America: A Size Comparison
| Island | Size (sq km) | Size (sq mi) | Country |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego | 47,992 | 18,530 | Argentina, Chile |
| Marajó Island | 40,100 | 15,500 | Brazil |
| Bananal Island | 19,162 | 7,398 | Brazil |
| Chiloé Island | 8,394 | 3,241 | Chile |
| Wellington Island | 5,555 | 2,145 | Chile |
Geography: A Blend of Extremes
Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego offers a stunning variety of landscapes, making it a paradise for nature lovers and explorers. The island is characterized by stark contrasts: lush forests, snow-capped mountains, windswept plains, and intricate waterways. To the north, the terrain is dominated by rolling steppe-like plains that resemble the Patagonian landscape. This area is ideal for sheep farming, which has historically been an important economic activity.
Heading south, the landscape becomes more rugged and mountainous, with the Andes traversing the island. Glaciers, deep valleys, and fjords punctuate this region, creating breathtaking vistas. The southern coastline is deeply indented by the Beagle Channel, named after the ship that carried Charles Darwin during his famous voyage.
The island’s climate is classified as subpolar oceanic, marked by cool temperatures year-round, strong winds, and frequent precipitation. Summers are short and mild, while winters bring snow and colder conditions, particularly in the higher elevations.
Flora and Fauna: A Biodiverse Haven
Despite its harsh conditions, the largest island in South America boasts a rich array of flora and fauna. The island’s forests are dominated by lenga and guindo trees, which thrive in the cold, wet environment. These woodlands are interspersed with peat bogs and tundra, creating a unique ecosystem.
The waters surrounding the island teem with marine life, including sea lions, seals, and whales. Birdwatchers flock to the region to catch glimpses of species like albatrosses, penguins, and steamer ducks. Inland, guanacos (relatives of llamas) and Andean foxes roam the plains, while the rivers and lakes are home to trout and other fish species.
A Rich Cultural History
The history of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego is as compelling as its natural beauty. For thousands of years, the island was inhabited by Indigenous peoples, including the Selk’nam (Ona), Yaghan (Yámana), and Kawésqar groups.
These communities developed unique ways of life, adapting to the challenging environment with remarkable ingenuity. The Yaghan, for instance, were expert canoeists who navigated the island’s waterways to fish and hunt.
European exploration began in earnest in the 16th century, when Ferdinand Magellan first sighted the archipelago in 1520 during his historic circumnavigation of the globe.
The name “Tierra del Fuego” (“Land of Fire”) was inspired by the fires lit by Indigenous people along the coast, which were visible to early explorers. The arrival of Europeans brought significant upheaval to the island’s Indigenous populations, including displacement and disease.
Today, efforts are underway to preserve and honor the heritage of these communities, with cultural centers and initiatives aimed at keeping their stories alive.
Modern-Day Attractions and Activities
In recent decades, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego has become a prime destination for travelers seeking adventure and solitude. Among the most popular activities are hiking, kayaking, and wildlife spotting.
The island’s network of trails offers opportunities to explore its forests and mountains, while its waterways provide access to secluded coves and islands. For history enthusiasts, a visit to the Museo Marítimo de Ushuaia is a must.
Housed in a former prison, the museum delves into the island’s maritime history and its role as a penal colony. Meanwhile, the Estancia Harberton, the oldest ranch in Tierra del Fuego, offers a glimpse into the life of European settlers who arrived in the 19th century.
Practical Tips for Visiting South America’s Largest Island
Getting There
Reaching the largest island in South America is an adventure in itself. Most visitors arrive via the Argentine city of Ushuaia, often called the southernmost city in the world. Direct flights connect Ushuaia to major Argentine hubs like Buenos Aires, making it relatively accessible by air.
From Chile, visitors often journey through Punta Arenas, where several ferry options are available for crossing the Strait of Magellan. Additionally, there is a ferry at Primera Angostura—the narrowest section of the Strait—that links mainland Chile at Punta Delgada with Tierra del Fuego near Cerro Sombrero.
Getting Around
Once on the island, renting a car is highly recommended to fully experience its vast and remote beauty.
While the roads connecting larger towns like Ushuaia, Tolhuin, and Rio Grande are generally well-maintained, be prepared for gravel paths if you venture further off the beaten track. Public transportation is limited, and guided tours are a convenient alternative for exploring key attractions.
When to Visit
The best time to visit Isla Grande is during the austral summer, from November to March.
This period offers milder temperatures, longer daylight hours, and optimal conditions for outdoor activities like hiking, wildlife watching, and boat tours. However, weather can be unpredictable, so layering up and packing rain gear is essential.